stimulating borosilicate glass electrode  (Sutter Instrument Company)

Journal: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

Article Title: Long-Lasting Somatic Modifications of Convergent Dendritic Inputs in Hippocampal Neurons.

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz177

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Effects of repetitive co-stimulation of convergent dendritic inputs at pSR and SO. (A) Schematic of experimental setup. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from the soma of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The stimulating electrodes were placed in the proximal SR and SO, respectively. The pairing was repeated for 60 times at 10 Hz. (B) Sample traces chosen at the times (marked by 1 and 2) displayed in graphs in (C) showing averaged EPSPs before and after pairing protocols at different time windows. For the definition of the time windows, please see the context in Results. (C) and (D) Results from a single experiment (C) and all experiments (D) in which the stimulation intervals were set at 0 ms (synchronous stimulation; left), +10 ms (middle), and −10 ms (right). In contrast to lacking of change in both inputs when the stimulation was synchronous, co-stimulation at +10 ms and −10 ms induced LLP and LLD of the two inputs, respectively. The black arrow refers to the time points that the pairing protocol was delivered. (E) and (F) The critical time windows for the modification of pSR (E) and SO inputs (F) were determined.

Article Snippet: Bipolar stimulating electrodes made from borosilicate theta glass (Sutter Instruments) or concentric bipolar electrode (FHC) were employed in conjunction with Master-8 stimulators and positioned within 10 μm from the dendrites of recorded neurons.

Techniques: Modification

Journal: Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

Article Title: Long-Lasting Somatic Modifications of Convergent Dendritic Inputs in Hippocampal Neurons.

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz177

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Bidirectional somatic modification of unpaired dendritic inputs. (A) Schematic of experimental setup. An unpaired input at distal apical dendrite was activated by single stimulations via a stimulating electrode placed at SLM. (B) Long-lasting bidirectional modifications of the unpaired SLM inputs. After +10 ms or −10 ms pSR– SO pairings, a single input activated at SLM dendrite was persistently potentiated or depressed as observed at the soma. The modification of SR and SO EPSPs was also monitored and included for comparison. Overlaid traces above the graph show changes in averaged EPSPs chosen at the times indicated on the graph. (C) Schematic of experimental setup. An unpaired input at basal dendrite was activated by a stimulating electrode placed at a separated SO dendrite that distant from the paired SO dendrite. (D) Long-lasting bidirectional modifications of the unpaired SO inputs were detected at soma. The modification of SR and the paired SO EPSPs was also monitored and included for comparison.

Article Snippet: Bipolar stimulating electrodes made from borosilicate theta glass (Sutter Instruments) or concentric bipolar electrode (FHC) were employed in conjunction with Master-8 stimulators and positioned within 10 μm from the dendrites of recorded neurons.

Techniques: Modification, Comparison